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Language: English ｜ Sequential Provenance Comparison（SPC）｜公開ページ

Published: September 9, 2026

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Balanced accounts do not guarantee an executable society.

Sequential Provenance Comparison (SPC) transfers the formal semantics of programming languages to economic institutions, providing a formal framework for representing and testing “social bugs” that are invisible in principle to conventional economic methods.

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Development of SPC

SPC began as a method devised to understand Bernard Schmitt’s theory of “capital malformation” by describing, step by step, how differences in the provenance of funds can give the same terminal balances different economic meanings.

It was then recognized that the same method could be applied to Modern Monetary Theory (MMT), particularly to test the ordering and institutional feasibility of government spending, taxation, and bond settlement. This application was developed into a paper on the formal specification verification of settlement protocols. SPC Version 1.0 subsequently generalized and formalized the method as a framework applicable beyond any single economic theory.

About SPC

SPC combines the formal semantics of programming languages, double-entry bookkeeping, and provenance analysis to test an economy as an institutional protocol with explicit conditions of execution.

Balanced terminal accounts do not guarantee that the transactions leading to them can actually be performed. SPC makes means of settlement, real resources, institutional powers, and transaction order explicit, representing structures that halt during execution as “social bugs.”

• Distinguish accounting consistency from operational feasibility
• Compare different paths leading to the same terminal result
• Identify funding gaps, missing authority, circular dependencies, and deadlocks
• Test theories and policies as protocols that can actually reach their stated endpoint

Current Stage of Research

Version 1.0, which formulates the general formal foundations of SPC, was published on Zenodo on September 9, 2026.

The release fixes the definitions, assumptions, theorems, and proof relationships, and includes the 34-page paper, complete LaTeX source, reproducibility build log, README, license notice, and SHA-256 manifest. It is a pre-peer-review preprint and does not imply a final post-peer-review version, machine-verified proofs, or empirical validity. The next developments from this frozen theoretical core are:

1. International outreach: share the DOI with relevant research networks and begin substantive dialogue;
2. International journal submission: restructure the manuscript and appendices for the selected journal; and
3. Japanese development: prepare a domestic paper and conference presentation.

Published Papers (Newest First)

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SPC Version 1.0 | General Formal Foundations

Sequential Provenance Comparison: A Formal Verification Framework for Macroeconomic Settlement Protocols

This paper formulates SPC itself as a general formal verification framework combining structural operational semantics, labelled transition systems, double-entry bookkeeping, and provenance analysis.

Using investment and saving and sovereign-currency issuance and tax settlement as applications, it distinguishes event precedence, protocol feasibility, and equality under a selected aggregate observation.

Published: September 9, 2026 ｜ Version: 1.0 ｜ DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22667962

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